Data Center And Server Room

Rahkar Mofid Services

Rahkar Mofid Company, with an experienced team in data center and server room design and implementation, is fully prepared to carry out related projects from A to Z, in compliance with TIA-942 and BICSI 2011 standards.

Free On-Site Assessment & Comprehensive Proposal

• Free site visit

• Full proposal including detailed scope of work and structural, electrical, communication, and mechanical layout drawings

Construction and Infrastructure

• Anti-static raised flooring (steel or aluminum)

• Fire-resistant false ceiling and wall panels (sandwich panel, gypsum board)

Cooling & HVAC Systems

• Full HVAC consulting based on IT load

• Underfloor air distribution (UFAD)

• Ductwork, piping, floor dampers, and ceiling exhaust systems

Electrical Design and Power Systems

• Consulting on single-phase and three-phase power supply

• Design and implementation of standard power panels and UPS panels with voltage display

• Consulting and selection of optimal UPS systems (single-phase or 3-phase) based on IT load and peripheral systems

Fire Suppression System

• Automatic server room fire suppression system using FM200 gas

• System designed based on room volume (per rack, per room, centralized, or distributed)

• Original equipment from Zeta (UK), Ceasefire (Spain), gas from Malaysia, and valves from China

Environmental Monitoring & Control

• Integrated monitoring system: real-time alerts for smoke, motion, temperature, humidity, mains power, UPS output, etc.

• Alerts via buzzer, siren, and SMS

Access Control & Surveillance

• Biometric and RFID card access systems (including facial recognition)

• Network and analog surveillance cameras, DVRs, motion detection sensors, and remote image transmission

Lighting & Entry Security

• Automated lighting with electronic ballast and motion sensors

• Fireproof and burglar-resistant doors (2mm steel or thicker) with standard frames and electronic locks integrated with access control

Civil & Construction Services

• All masonry and structural works (reinforced brick, concrete, cement plastering, flooring, reinforcement with rebar and cement board, iron framing, welding, etc.)

• Painting, epoxy coating, sealing, insulation, puttying, and finishing

• Standard earthing pit construction based on soil type, earthing panels, and ground rod installation

Grounding & Cabling

• Full grounding and bonding of the server room with copper busbars

• Standard cabling for power, network, and fiber optics

• Rack arrangement, fusion splicing, underground and overhead fiber installation in accordance with TIA-942 and BICSI 2011-002 standards

Design & Layout Planning

Before initiating the setup of a server room, a detailed and accurate layout must be designed in accordance with international standards. This includes the positioning of server racks and other equipment, cable routing paths, and sufficient space for movement and management access. Proper planning ensures correct execution and prevents costly rework and implementation errors.

Seismic Safety

Due to the critical nature of server rooms, they must be built in structurally secure locations that can withstand earthquakes. To minimize the risk of damage to servers and devices during seismic events, the ideal location for a server room is in the basement or on the ground floor, preferably adjacent to the building’s main structural columns. If such placement is not feasible, the room must be reinforced with steel frames to enhance safety.

Proximity to Risers

Locating the server room close to vertical risers and cable trunks significantly reduces cable lengths and overall infrastructure costs, while also improving performance and maintenance efficiency.

Ceiling

For server room ceilings, the use of a suspended (false) ceiling is highly recommended. These ceilings can be implemented using grid systems with various tile sizes. However, it is essential to use mineral tiles that are fire-resistant.
Another viable option is the use of seamless gypsum board (FR-rated) ceilings, which also comply with fire safety standards and are suitable for server room environments.

Walls

The wall preparation process involves several critical steps:

• The surface is scraped down to the brick layer.

• All openings and gaps are sealed.

• A base layer of cement plaster is applied.

• A fire-retardant coating (Fire Tard) is applied over the cement layer.

• Pathways are created in the floor and ceiling for routing fire suppression, power, and network pipes.

• Steel framing and column supports are installed.

• Metal mesh is mounted and covered with plaster.

• After the plaster dries, a final protective fireproof epoxy layer is applied.

Flooring

Installing a raised floor is one of the best choices for server rooms and is considered a crucial component. Raised floors create adequate space beneath the surface for organized routing of network, power, and utility cables.

Common raised floor types used in Iran include:

• Steel panels with HPL (High-Pressure Laminate) finish – fire-resistant, anti-static, and scratch-resistant

• Aluminum panels with PVC coating – lightweight, fire-resistant, and anti-static

The pedestal height of these flooring systems is adjustable, ranging from 15 cm to 120 cm, depending on the room’s requirements.

Fire-Resistant Coating (Epoxy Paint)

To seal all joints and create a protective fire-resistant outer layer, Epoxy coating is used. Epoxy is available in various colors and must be applied only after the underlying surface is completely dry to ensure effective results.

Plastic- and polyester-based paints, which are by-products of the petrochemical industry, are highly flammable and therefore unsuitable for use in server rooms. Currently, Epoxy paint is considered the most appropriate coating for server rooms, as it is fully fire-retardant and capable of covering all interior surfaces—including the floor, ceiling, and side walls. It comes in a range of colors and provides robust fire protection.

Lighting System

The lighting in the server room should be designed to automatically turn off when the room is unoccupied. This not only conserves energy but also helps reduce heat generation.

Main and control circuits should be integrated and planned within the server room’s electrical panel. The use of energy-efficient (low-consumption) lighting is recommended to minimize operating costs.

Fire Detection and Suppression System

Conventional fire suppression systems that use water, foam, or certain gases can cause serious damage to servers and other sensitive equipment. Today, the Pyrogen Aerosol Automatic Fire Suppression System is considered the most advanced, powerful, safe, and cost-effective solution specifically designed for server rooms.

This system is widely favored by data center safety specialists because it:

• Is completely safe for equipment, humans, and the surrounding environment

• Does not reduce oxygen levels, making it ideal for occupied spaces

• Activates and extinguishes fire fully automatically without human intervention

It’s worth noting that many server rooms in critical governmental and private organizations have already adopted this solution for reliable fire protection.

Additionally, the fire detection system can be configured to send SMS alerts to network administrators, keeping them informed of real-time incidents.

Fireproof and Burglar-Resistant Doors

To prevent the spread of fire and secure critical equipment, the server room door must be made of fire-rated, non-combustible material. Moreover, anti-theft doors with reinforced hinges, tamper-resistant locks, and blast-resistant mechanisms are recommended to ensure both fire containment and physical security.

Physical Security and Access Control Systems

Given the sensitivity of server room equipment and data, implementing robust surveillance and access control systems is essential.

• 24/7 camera surveillance is used to continuously monitor the server room and store logs on a designated server for future audits.

• A secure access control system must be in place to monitor and manage who enters the server room.

These systems typically include:

• A multi-option reader (card, code, fingerprint)

• A controller unit and necessary converters

• Authorized personnel must carry access cards to enter

• Optional authentication methods such as fingerprint scanning or PIN code input can also be enabled for higher security

Internal Cooling System

The optimal temperature for a server room is 18°C. To maintain this temperature, the use of dedicated cooling equipment inside the room is essential. In Iran, split air conditioning systems are the most common cooling solution, and their capacity should be calculated based on the heat load generated by the server room equipment.

Utility Power and Backup Power

Cabling in the server room must follow structured cabling standards, and all installations must use high-quality components to ensure reliability and long-term performance.

Power Distribution Panel and ATS

To manage both utility and backup power lines and to monitor current and voltage levels, installing a power distribution panel (PDP) is necessary.
The panel includes:

• Voltmeters and ammeters for real-time monitoring

• Miniature circuit breakers for protecting circuits and controlling power flow

• The ability to assign specific circuits to either the main grid or UPS power via switch settings

This setup ensures seamless control over power supply in various parts of the facility.

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)

Sudden power loss can cause major disruptions to critical server room equipment like routers, switches, and servers—and in some cases, may lead to complete system failure. However, it’s not only power outages that pose a threat; IT systems are also sensitive to:

• Voltage sags and spikes

• Noise and radio frequency interference (RFI)

• Frequency variations in the power source

To address these challenges, a properly selected UPS must meet the following criteria:

• Be of the Online Double Conversion type

• Support Power Factor Correction, enabling seamless operation with a generator

• Support SNMP protocol for online monitoring and remote management

Generator

Due to the high cost and limited efficiency of UPS systems for long-term power supply, generators are essential for backup power in server rooms. Here’s how the system works:

When a power outage occurs, the UPS instantly activates to maintain uninterrupted power to the server room during the delay before the generator starts. Once the generator is operational, the UPS switches off, and the generator takes over to supply continuous power.

The capacity of the UPS is calculated based on the total power consumption of server room equipment such as servers, air conditioning units, and other devices. A typical UPS is designed to provide 7 to 15 minutes of power, depending on the generator’s startup time.

The generator’s capacity should be at least 15% higher than the UPS capacity, and it must operate at approximately 70% load for optimal performance. Operating at below 60% or above 80% of its capacity is strongly discouraged. Generators above 15 KVA are typically three-phase.

Why Use a Generator?

High-capacity UPS systems are expensive and require numerous batteries to supply power for extended periods. Additionally, large external battery banks take up valuable space in the server room. Therefore, using a generator is a more cost-effective and space-efficient solution for long-term backup power.

Earthing (Grounding) System

To prevent harmful electrical surges and ensure safety, a proper grounding system is mandatory. This involves creating an earth pit to redirect excess electrical current safely into the ground.

Standard Procedure for Constructing an Earth Pit:

• The pit must be dug until moist soil is reached.

• A mixture of charcoal and salt (sodium chloride) in a 1:2 ratio (e.g., 40 kg total) is added to the pit to lower soil resistance.

• A copper plate (50cm x 50cm x 1cm) is vertically placed on top of the mixture.

• A 50mm² copper conductor is securely connected to the plate using corrosion-resistant copper lugs and bolts.

• A PVC pipe (4–6 cm in diameter) with multiple perforations is installed next to the pit to maintain moisture levels.

• The pit is then filled with soft clay or fine soil.

• The earth resistance must measure below 2 ohms, verified using an earth resistance tester.

Server Room Automation System

Automation enhances the safety and efficiency of server rooms by enabling continuous environmental monitoring and intelligent control systems. Key features include:

• Instant SMS or missed-call alerts when temperature or humidity exceeds thresholds

• Automatic actions triggered by overheating, including server shutdown or activating cooling systems

• Alarms and warning lights in case of temperature violations

• Full mobile control capabilities for remote management

• Real-time temperature and humidity display

• Integration with fire, smoke, gas, vibration, and motion sensors

• Alerts on cooling system failures, gas leaks, power outages, and unauthorized access

• AC control and switching between main and reserve cooling units

• Power interruption notifications

• Load balancing and cooler operation cycling to reduce wear

• Detailed data logging for up to one year, including temperature and humidity trends

• Remote RS-232 control interface

• Ability to restart servers remotely after power restoration

• Full visual panel interface displaying environmental data and alarm status

• Custom alert settings for each sensor

• Audio and visual intrusion alarms

• Integration with guard systems for local audio/visual alerts

1. Server Room Automation System – Key Features

   • Remote command execution from the administrator via mobile, under all conditions

   • Real-time display of current temperature and humidity

   • Compatibility with all types of sensors: fire, smoke, gas, and vibration

   • Remote server control via mobile

   • Mobile alerts for all critical events, including temperature rise, smoke/gas detection, and AC unit failure

   • Full cooling system control via mobile

   • Power outage notifications via missed call and SMS

   • Alerts in case of phase imbalance in the power supply

   • Smart cooling management to reduce energy load and system wear

   • Data logging of temperature and humidity up to 1 year, with graphical trend visualization

   • RS-232 port support for direct control and command access

   • Intelligent AC unit rotation to balance operational hours

   • Automatic activation of backup AC units in case of primary unit failure

   • Automatic restart of AC units after power restoration

   • Operating hour calculation for each AC unit to assist in maintenance scheduling

   • Multiple environmental sensors to enhance overall security level

   • Individual alarm configuration for each sensor

   • Real-time mobile-based cooling system management

   • Audio-visual alerts for unauthorized access to the server room

   • Notifications of power failure and restoration

   • Remote server reboot capability via mobile after power comes back online

   • Manual and automatic operation modes for AC units

   • Complete system status overview on the main control panel

   • Display of all temperature and humidity metrics on the panel

   • Ability to query current alarm status via mobile

   • Ability to request current temperature and humidity via mobile

Network Security

Protecting a network from environmental and electrical threats such as temperature rise, humidity, smoke, fire, and sudden power outages is a critical requirement in the maintenance of server rooms. To address these risks, alarm and monitoring systems are deployed to alert system administrators or network managers promptly, enabling rapid response. The shorter the alert time and the higher the reliability of the notification, the more secure the server environment becomes.

Rahkar Mofid Co. has developed specialized, industrial-grade alert systems tailored to suit any server room or data center — regardless of budget. These systems can be customized based on specific requirements and scenarios defined by the IT manager.

Server room protection systems are typically categorized into three classes:

• Alert Systems

• Monitoring Systems

• Control Systems

You can visit the company’s website for more information about the specifications and functions of each type.

Design and Implementation of Data Center & Server Room Infrastructure

Rahkar Mofid provides complete end-to-end services for designing, estimating, purchasing, and deploying server rooms and data centers. Services include:

• Installation of raised flooring

• Installation of false ceilings

• Electrical wiring for the building and server room

• Deployment of cooling systems

• Installation of fire detection and suppression systems

• Structured cabling, device installation and configuration

• Node testing and labeling

• Estimation and procurement of required server racks and proper rack arrangement

• Power load calculations (required amperage)

• Procurement and deployment of the appropriate UPS system

• Procurement and deployment of backup generators

• Setup of monitoring rooms and access control systems

• Full support and maintenance of the data center and installed equipment

Who Needs a Server Room — and Why?

In today’s digital landscape, even medium-sized businesses typically require at least three to four servers. To ensure the security and integrity of sensitive information, these servers must be housed in a secure, sealed environment, away from unauthorized access. While rack enclosures are commonly recommended for housing servers, particularly in growing companies, they come with certain limitations in terms of physical security.

Racks are generally designed with metal enclosures on the sides and back, but the front panel is often glass, which can be a point of vulnerability. In the event of a break-in, the glass door can be easily shattered, exposing critical hardware. For this reason, companies looking for a reliable and secure infrastructure should consider investing in a dedicated server room.

Server Room Specifications

Due to the sensitivity of corporate data and the need to centralize server operations in a secure location, it is strongly recommended that any medium to large-sized organization establish a professionally built server room. Creating a server room is a specialized task within the field of Information Technology (IT) and requires attention to numerous technical and security details.

A proper server room must be built in accordance with international standards, particularly frameworks such as ISMS (Information Security Management System). ISMS outlines comprehensive strategies and requirements to ensure data confidentiality, availability, and integrity.

While a full exploration of ISMS is beyond the scope of this article, it’s important to highlight a few key general considerations for setting up a basic yet effective server room:

• Controlled physical access to prevent unauthorized entry

• Environmental controls, including temperature and humidity monitoring

• Fire detection and suppression systems

• Structured cabling and power management

• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) and backup generators

• Security surveillance and access control systems

In summary, building a secure and efficient server room is not optional but essential for organizations aiming to protect their critical infrastructure and scale operations securely. For businesses seeking reliability, performance, and data safety, a well-designed server room is a strategic investment—not just an IT expense.

Key Hardware and Infrastructure Considerations for a Server Room

Establishing a functional and secure server room involves several essential hardware and environmental considerations, especially for small to mid-sized businesses. Below are the most critical physical and technical elements to implement:

1. Controlled Access

The server room door should remain locked at all times to prevent unauthorized access. For ease of use and enhanced security, consider keyless entry systems such as access cards or numeric keypads instead of traditional keys.

2. Surveillance and Monitoring

All access to and from the server room should be recorded using CCTV cameras. At least one high-quality camera should be installed, with footage stored on a digital video recorder (DVR) capable of long-term archiving.

3. Dust and Humidity Control

The server room must be free from dust and excessive humidity to ensure optimal fan and equipment performance. Dust buildup can impair ventilation, while humidity may damage capacitors and sensitive circuitry. For effective temperature and humidity control:

• Avoid swamp coolers, which introduce humidity into the environment.

• Use split air conditioning systems (AC) that provide both cooling and dehumidification.

4. Temperature Management

The optimal operating temperature for a server room is 18°C (64°F). Given the high power consumption of air conditioners, choose models with energy efficiency labels to reduce electricity costs.

Ensure all air leaks are sealed, especially around windows and vents. Double-glazed windows are recommended to minimize dust ingress and heat loss.

5. Fire Safety

Equip the server room with fire extinguishing systems and fire sensors. Install smoke and heat detectors inside server racks and throughout the room. The entrance door should be made of fire-resistant materials to prevent external fires from spreading inside.

6. Automated Lighting System

Lighting should be motion-sensitive and turn off automatically when no one is in the room. This not only saves energy but also prevents excess heat from lighting equipment.

7. Power Supply and Backup

A stable and uninterrupted power supply is essential. Use city grid power as the primary source and install UPS systems and/or generators to handle outages. Sudden power loss can cause serious OS corruption or data loss.

8. Grounding System (Earthing)

Installing a proper grounding system (earth pit) is critical to discharge unwanted electrical surges and prevent system damage. A stabilizer is also recommended to protect against voltage fluctuations.

Final Notes

The above recommendations are tailored for a typical server room setup suitable for small and medium-sized businesses. For larger enterprise environments or high-performance data centers, a broader set of international standards must be applied (e.g., ISO/IEC, TIA-942, BICSI). However, for many SMEs, adopting every advanced specification may not be cost-effective or necessary. Instead, the goal should be a balanced, practical implementation based on organizational needs and budget.

Where Should a Server Room Be Located Within a Building?

Choosing the optimal location for a server room within an office building is a unique challenge. For example, it’s recommended to avoid rooms with windows, as sunlight and external heat during warmer months increase the cooling load, demanding more powerful air conditioning systems.

At Rahkar Mofid Network, we recommend placing the server room horizontally near the center of the building. This location offers optimal access for cable distribution to other rooms. In multi-story buildings, a central location is also ideal because risers and vertical shafts—often used for cabling—typically run through the building’s core. It also provides flexibility to add new risers or utilize elevator shafts for inter-floor cabling.

Positioning the server room away from high-traffic areas such as entrances, corridors, and lobbies also simplifies future upgrades, maintenance, and expansion.

Weight and Structural Considerations

The total weight of a server room—including racks, UPS systems, batteries, and other infrastructure—places significant load on the floor. For larger server rooms or data centers, this weight must be carefully calculated and compared to the floor’s load-bearing capacity. Reinforcement may be required at the design stage, particularly when planning for heavy equipment like 30kVA UPS systems and associated batteries.

Assessing Server Room Requirements

Larger organizations often have predefined IT standards, policies, and checklists managed by dedicated internal teams. However, for clients of Rahkar Mofid, we highlight several universal best practices:

• Restricted access to the server room is essential. No one should enter without prior authorization.

• Access should be controlled via biometric systems, PIN pads, or card readers.

• Logging access time and personnel is strongly recommended.

• Surveillance cameras (CCTV) must monitor the room with high precision.

• Near the server room entrance, fire alarm and suppression panels should be installed.

• Cable management is critical. Although data cables are shielded, data and power cables must be routed separately to avoid interference.

Why Temperature Monitoring Matters in Data Centers

IT and network equipment are engineered to operate within narrow temperature ranges. To ensure optimal performance and maximize hardware lifespan, it’s vital that the room temperature stays within specified thresholds. Even a few degrees above the limit can permanently damage server components.

The cost of server downtime can be staggering—beyond just hardware replacement. Downtime may result in:

• Loss of e-commerce transactions

• Customer data loss

• Reduced employee productivity

• Damage to your business reputation

For these reasons, real-time temperature and humidity monitoring is not optional—it’s essential.

What Temperature Range Is Ideal for Server Equipment?

It is generally recommended that server room temperatures should not fall below 10°C (50°F) and should not exceed 28°C (82°F). While this may seem like a wide range, these figures represent the absolute minimum and maximum limits. In practice, the typical and preferred range is 20–21°C (68–71°F). However, maintaining even this optimal range consistently can be more challenging than it seems.

How to Maintain Optimal Server Room Temperature

Server rooms are often well-insulated to reduce fire risks, and proper ventilation and air conditioning are essential. In many organizations, HVAC system maintenance is managed separately from IT operations. If the cooling system fails, you might not be the first to know — in fact, you may be the last.

Even with a functioning air conditioning system, temperature fluctuations can occur throughout the day. Localized hot spots may form around high-load equipment. Don’t assume that having an AC unit solves everything. People working in the server room may turn off the cooling system and forget to turn it back on. Doors may be left open. Server workloads may peak during non-business hours, while cooling systems might operate at reduced capacity during evenings or weekends.

Imagine a scenario: it’s nighttime, your cooling system is running at low capacity, and suddenly, your web servers come under heavy load due to users logging in from another time zone. Your servers heat up quickly, and the AC unit can’t keep up. This scenario is not hypothetical—it has happened in real-world cases.

Overheating is a leading cause of recurring hardware failures and slow data processing. Additionally, newer equipment—though faster—tends to generate more heat, placing greater demands on your cooling infrastructure. If you’ve recently upgraded your servers or network switches, it may be time to reassess your cooling capacity.

Also, beware of a common mistake: setting the AC system to a cooler setting during the day but forgetting to adjust it for nights or weekends. While daytime traffic may justify higher cooling power, low activity during off-hours means you’re wasting energy — and money — by overcooling the room unnecessarily.

How to Monitor Server Room Environmental Conditions

Continuous real-time monitoring of temperature and humidity is essential—especially during nights, weekends, and holidays when no staff is present.

There are several reliable systems for this purpose. For example, the Bina Network Monitoring System by DanaPardaz provides a range of features to monitor environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity.

Key best practices include:

• Measure temperatures at multiple points in the room to identify hot spots.

• Use network-connected monitoring devices for automated and secure data collection.

• Implement a system that sends instant alerts via SMS or email when thresholds are breached.

• Ensure the system is simple to deploy and easy to configure, with real-time notification capabilities for any irregularities.

Maintaining the right environmental conditions isn’t just about comfort—it’s about protecting your investment, ensuring uptime, and extending hardware lifespan.

Server Room Structure

1) Earthquake Resistance of the Server Room

Due to the critical role of server rooms, they must be built in a location structurally resistant to earthquakes. Ideally, they should be situated on the lowest level of the building, such as the basement or next to the main structural columns. If the server room must be located on upper floors or within office units, the room must be reinforced with metal frames, forming a skeleton-like structure for seismic resistance.

Once reinforced, the next step is to install false ceiling, wall, and floor coverings, which serve the following purposes:

A) These coverings conceal the seismic-resistant frame and steel reinforcements.

B) They allow utilities such as network and power cabling, fire suppression nozzles, lighting conduits, and insulation to be routed discreetly. The final surfaces remain clean, with no visible wires or pipes.

C) The materials used for these covers must be fire-resistant, helping protect infrastructure and servers in case of a fire.

2) False Surfaces

A) False Ceiling

False ceilings used in server rooms may be of the 60×60 cm or 30×30 cm grid type. It’s crucial that these ceilings use MINERAL tiles, which are fire-resistant. Another acceptable option is integrated drywall ceilings (FR-rated Knauf panels), which also meet fire safety standards.

B) False Walls

Walls cover a large surface area and, like ceilings and floors, must be both fireproof and thermally insulated. For this reason, fire-rated drywall walls (FR Knauf panels) are recommended. These walls create space behind them to run utilities and to install thermal insulation materials such as rock wool or slag wool. Given that these walls are already fire-resistant and occupy a substantial area, they should be finished with epoxy paint, a highly durable fire-retardant coating.

C) Raised Flooring

The raised floor is one of the most critical elements of a server room. The gap it provides above the main floor is ideal for running network and power cabling and HVAC conduits. Raised floors are made from various materials, but the most common in Iran are:

• Steel panels with HPL coating: Fire-resistant, anti-static, and scratch-resistant.

• Aluminum panels with PVC coating: Lightweight, fire-resistant, and anti-static.

The height of the floor pedestals is adjustable, ranging from 15 cm to 120 cm, depending on room requirements.

3) Auxiliary Equipment

A) Lighting System

The recommended lighting system for server rooms consists of 60×60 cm grid lights with anodized reflectors and electronic ballasts, fitted with energy-saving lamps. These lights are compatible with 60×60 false ceilings and are controlled by motion sensors, turning on automatically upon room entry and turning off upon exit, making them highly energy-efficient.

B) Pyrogen Aerosol Fire Detection and Suppression System

The Pyrogen aerosol fire suppression system is a cutting-edge solution capable of extinguishing fires of Class A, B, C, E, and F, making it the only system in the world to handle five fire classes. First developed for the Russian space program and used in Soyuz space missions, Pyrogen technology has proven its reliability in environments where second chances are not an option.

This system surpasses traditional halon gas in suppression power (up to 3x more effective), and unlike halon, it is non-pressurized, requires no complex piping, no safety valves, nozzles, or hydraulic calculations, making it simple, powerful, and fail-safe.

Key advantages include:

• Lightweight and compact, especially compared to CO₂, FM200, and ARGON systems

• No corrosive or acidic residues, unlike traditional suppression gases

• Environmentally safe, non-toxic, and non-ozone-depleting

• Capable of instantaneous discharge in less than 2 milliseconds upon thermal, electrical, or flame activation

• Uniform 3D dispersion of micronized solid and gas particles

• Average suppression time: ~5 seconds

• Residue remains effective in the environment for up to one hour

• Cooling effect of 400°C/sec, forming a chemical and physical barrier between fuel and oxygen

This advanced solution is based on the solid-fuel technology used in spacecraft rocket engines and ensures no gas leakage, pressure loss, or degradation over time.

C) Server Room Monitoring & Control System

An integrated server room control unit with the following features:

• Offline operation (no PC required)

• Environmental monitoring: temperature, humidity, smoke, gas

• Alarm notifications via SMS, phone call, siren, and email

• Remote control via SMS commands

• Relay outputs for controlling HVAC, lighting, or other devices

• Capture images of intruders via surveillance cameras

• Multi-user SMS alert broadcasting

• Remote server reboot through central software

• Real-time monitoring of power failure, UPS status via SMS

• Access control integration (unlock door via SMS)

• Monitor and control Windows Server services (DNS, DHCP, etc.)

• Status requests via SMS

• Web-based and local network reporting system

D) Anti-Theft and Fire-Resistant Doors

These doors are designed with multi-point locking systems and reinforced hinges, making them highly resistant to break-ins or explosions. Ideal for server room security, they provide physical protection against unauthorized access and fire spread.

E) Air Conditioning (Split Unit Cooling)

Since servers operate 24/7, they continuously generate heat that, if unmanaged, can cause damage or failure. A dedicated air conditioning system is essential to maintain the recommended operating temperature. Split-unit air conditioners are ideal due to their efficient cooling and temperature stability.

F) Air Purification System

An air cleaning unit is essential to filter dust particles and maintain clean airflow. Dust accumulation on sensitive server components like chipsets is a leading cause of short circuits and fire hazards. This system helps extend hardware lifespan and maintain optimal performance.

Computer Network Structure of the Server Room

Preparing the server room for establishing network communications between servers and various network workstations is one of the foundational tasks in data center setup. In essence, all efforts and investments made in the server room aim to ensure the logical, efficient, and secure use of its equipment.

Below, both physical and logical network structures are described. Since the servers serve as the core of data and processing, ensuring reliable connectivity between the servers and the rest of the network is essential. To achieve this, three critical aspects must be considered:

1. Implementation of the Three-Tier Network Model

Cabling and pathway planning within the server room must allow for the practical implementation of a three-tier network architecture. Therefore, having both logical and physical layout diagrams of the network switches is essential before starting cable routing.

2. Structured Cabling Standards

It is important to follow structured cabling principles and account for bends, angles, and turns during cable installations in the server room. This ensures both physical order and optimal signal performance.

3. Rack Stabilization

To prevent racks from tipping over during earthquakes, all racks must be anchored securely to the floor. Before flooring and ductwork installation, the exact locations of the racks must be defined, and appropriate mounts and holders must be installed. This requires knowing the type, model, dimensions, and relative placement of the racks in advance.

4. Cable Routing Channels

To maintain order for portable cables—such as power cords, patch cords, and others—dedicated, built-in cable ducts must be installed in the server room. These ducts should include proper covers and provide physical separation between power and data lines to reduce interference and enhance safety.

Logical Network Structure

The logical and software-based configuration of servers ensures reliable and secure access to the data they host. Therefore, developing a proper strategy for inter-server communication and for connecting workstations to those servers should be undertaken after the physical setup of the server room is completed.

Below are some key logical and software configurations:

• Domain Controller and Network Services such as DHCP, DNS, etc.

• VLAN Configuration and Switch-Based Segmentation

• Creation of Access Control Lists (ACLs) on network switches

• Routing and Gateway Configuration for inter-network communication

Server Room Design

When designing and managing HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems in a data center, it is highly recommended to follow recognized standards. The ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers), in collaboration with IT hardware manufacturers, provides a set of guidelines and best practices regarding the environmental conditions within data centers.

One key point emphasized in these guidelines is the distinction between “allowable” and “recommended” environmental conditions. Understanding and adhering to these differences is critical in designing an efficient and reliable server room infrastructure.

Environment

In a commercial building, the area or room designated for establishing a server room is typically categorized into the following sections:

• Entrance Facilities (EFs)

• Equipment Rooms (ERs)

• Telecommunications Rooms (TRs)

• Telecommunications Enclosures (TEs)

These classifications provide the necessary infrastructure for housing network equipment and cabling systems. You can see an example of this structure in the diagram below.

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) has introduced a simplified grouping model for organizing cabinets in server rooms. According to this approach, servers are categorized and arranged in cabinets based on the type of operations they perform. The space allocated to server rooms is defined in relation to the overall building layout as follows:

• The entrance to the server room should be equivalent to the main building entrance in terms of accessibility and structure.

Server Room Functional Zones

These mappings help create a clear architectural relationship between data center environments and traditional commercial building layouts, ensuring standardization, scalability, and easier integration.

Pathways

In a server room, there are three main types of pathways used for connecting network equipment and data center components:

• Airflow Pathways

• Power Cable Pathways

• Network Cable Pathways

It is recommended that cable pathways be physically separated to avoid interference and improve safety. For instance, power cables can be routed through overhead trays, while network cables are routed beneath the raised floor.
If both types of cables must run through the same pathway, they should be separated using physical dividers. According to TIA standards, if the power cables are shielded, a minimum distance of 10 cm from network cables is required. If unshielded, this distance should be doubled (i.e., 20 cm).

TIA also recommends organizing cabinets in rows. In this layout, front sides of the racks face each other, creating a cold aisle, while rear sides facing each other form a hot aisle.

For cabling practices:

• Power cables (which have lower density) should be routed through the cold aisle.

• Network cables (which are typically higher in volume) should be routed via the hot aisle.

Cabinets

Recommended cabinet specifications for optimal airflow and cable management are as follows:

• Rack height should be approximately 2.1 meters.

• Clearance space in front of each rack for airflow: 1.2 meters

• Clearance space behind each rack: 1 meter

• For managing vertical cable routing, allow 250 mm spacing between adjacent racks. For the final rack in each row, 150 mm is sufficient.

Server Room Security

Reported incidents of damage and unauthorized access to information systems around the world are on the rise. Over time, the tools and techniques used to breach IT and network systems are becoming simpler, allowing attackers with minimal technical knowledge to exploit vulnerabilities.

Thus, ensuring the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data is critical for the growth and reliability of server systems. These security objectives must be integrated into the server room planning and deployment strategy.

Common Security Measures Include:

• Deploying effective antivirus software

• Using firewalls with proper configuration

• Installing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)

• Implementing regular data backups

The ability to recover lost data is essential and should be part of any network administrator’s responsibilities. Solutions may include:

• Utilizing SAN (Storage Area Network) and NAS (Network Attached Storage) infrastructures

• Employing various types of storage media, tailored to the volume and sensitivity of data

Appropriate Server Selection

Servers are high-performance computers with substantial processing and storage capabilities, serving as the logical core of various network applications. Databases such as SQL, Oracle, and others are deployed on this platform to serve data to connected network workstations.

Due to the limited space typically available in server rooms and the need for optimized space usage, it is recommended to use Rackmount servers. These servers enable system administrators to easily access, upgrade, or downgrade server units based on operational requirements.

Temperature Monitoring in the Server Room

The number and placement of temperature sensors in a server room depends on the monitoring objectives. For instance, after a hardware upgrade, you may be concerned about the formation of hot spots—areas where warm exhaust air from one server enters the air intake of another. This is especially problematic as the exhaust temperature can exceed the recommended intake temperature for adjacent servers.

Alternatively, temperature monitoring may be implemented to detect HVAC system failures, which is a fundamental requirement in server room operations.

If your primary goal is fault detection, then direct monitoring of HVAC systems is essential. Maintaining optimal air conditioning is critical for the reliable operation of even the smallest server room. Failure or oversight in restarting a cooling system after maintenance can result in severe damage. Prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures can shorten server lifespan and degrade internal components.

Fortunately, there is usually a delay between HVAC failure and a noticeable temperature rise, providing a window of time for corrective action—if real-time alerts are in place.

Many HVAC units installed in server rooms include dry contact outputs, which provide simple, binary status indicators. A dry contact is a basic electrical circuit that signals either a normal or alarm condition. If multiple status levels need to be reported, several dry contacts can be used.

Refer to the HVAC system’s manual to determine which dry contact status represents a failure condition.
If you have multiple cooling units, each must be monitored individually. Many server rooms and data centers utilize a primary, a backup, and sometimes a tertiary HVAC system. Monitoring all units allows for tiered alerting:

• Failure of the primary unit is serious,

• but if the backup is operational, the risk remains minimal.

• If both the primary and backup systems fail, the situation becomes critical.

Implementing effective temperature monitoring and HVAC status tracking is essential for proactive thermal management and equipment protection in modern data centers.

What If Direct HVAC Monitoring Is Not Possible?

If you are unable to directly monitor the HVAC system, the next best strategy is to monitor the cold air intake area—where conditioned air enters open spaces in the server room. Any HVAC malfunction will manifest most clearly in this location.

You can also configure your alert system using a low-temperature threshold. While you may not have much time in the event of a complete HVAC failure—since server room temperatures can rise quickly—this method helps maximize your available response window for initiating repairs.

Sensor Placement and Quantity

The key challenge in server room temperature monitoring is determining the correct number and placement of sensors.

Even in small server rooms without racks or hot/cold aisles, temperature levels are not uniform. The air near cooling system intakes can be significantly colder than the hot exhaust air from servers.

In large server rooms with defined hot/cold aisles, installing only one sensor is insufficient and ineffective. You need to monitor temperature at multiple points, ideally as close to the servers as possible, to get a reliable thermal map of the room.

Server Shutdown Due to Overheating

Many modern servers are equipped with the ability to monitor their motherboard temperature. If this temperature reaches a critical threshold, the server may automatically shut down to protect its components.

Discovering that your servers have shut down unexpectedly upon entering the data center can be distressing. To prevent such incidents:

• Use advanced temperature monitoring systems

• Ensure redundant cooling systems are installed and operational

Recommendations

• Clearly define your monitoring requirements. Be specific about what you expect the system to detect and report.

• If your hardware supports automatic shutdown on thermal limits, ensure this feature is enabled. Consult your server manufacturer for configuration support.

• Regularly review monitoring data to understand thermal trends across different server room zones. This is particularly important after reorganizing server layouts, as hot spots may shift.

• If a group of servers is shutting down automatically, you may be dealing with a hot spot. In such cases, install a sensor at that location and log the data over time. Try to correlate shutdown events with temperature peaks to identify the root cause.

Suspended Ceiling (False Ceiling)

A suspended ceiling is a branch of interior architectural design used to cover the structural (original) ceiling. While its historical origins remain unclear, it quickly found a prominent role in modern construction due to its versatility and practicality.

False ceilings can be made from a variety of materials such as:

• Gypsum

• Wood

• Non-ferrous metals

• PVC

• Glass

• Steel

• Laminated metal sheets

• Aluminum

• Composite panels

These materials can be installed either individually or in combination, depending on the design and function.

One of the key benefits of a suspended ceiling is its ability to conceal infrastructure components (e.g., wiring, ducts, lighting) beneath the main ceiling. Additionally, suspended ceilings offer:

• Space for utilities and HVAC systems

• Acoustic control

• Aesthetic enhancement

• Weight reduction in high-rise buildings

• Thermal and humidity regulation

• Custom lighting integration

While coverage and concealment are its primary functions, aesthetics (decorative design and color coordination) and lighting design play equally important roles in modern applications.

Suspended ceilings have evolved alongside other architectural and construction technologies, becoming a dynamic part of the building industry. Mass production of ceiling components has made them cost-effective, which is highly attractive to engineers and architects.

Designers of false ceilings must understand the flexibility of ceiling materials and be familiar with various product shapes and formats to produce detailed and executable plans—ensuring the final result is as beautiful in practice as it is on paper.

Specialized knowledge is essential for ceiling design. The designer must understand the technical properties of materials and select appropriate systems for specific needs, such as:

• Humidity control

• Thermal insulation

• Acoustics

• Lighting design

• Regional climate

• Cost-efficiency

Some ceiling designs are also tailored for fast and easy installation, a critical factor for manufacturers competing in the construction market.

Key Factors for Easy Installation Include:

• Lightweight materials

• Proper angle selection for seamless implementation

• Material compatibility for corner coverage and assembly

• Simple suspension and anchoring systems

• Modular construction with diverse sizing options

Close collaboration between the ceiling installer and the architectural designer is essential to ensure that the design vision aligns with the practical aspects of installation.

Partition Walls (False Walls)

Partition walls—commonly referred to as non-load-bearing walls—are panels used to divide spaces and do not support structural loads. These walls typically range in thickness from 8 to 15 cm.

When partitions are placed between indoor and outdoor spaces, they are known as external partitions. These are exposed to environmental elements such as sunlight, wind, rain, and snow, and they often serve as support for facade finishes. Therefore, their design must consider:

• Thermal insulation

• Moisture resistance

• Soundproofing

• Compatibility with external cladding materials

Internal partitions are located inside the building and are categorized into two types:

• Primary partitions – separate different units or apartments

• Secondary partitions – divide rooms within the same unit

Primary partitions must offer higher acoustic and thermal insulation than secondary ones due to their role in separating independent living spaces.

Secondary interior partitions can also be classified based on the type of spaces they separate—for example, between a wet area (bathroom) and a dry area (bedroom).

In both interior and exterior non-load-bearing walls, the thermal and acoustic performance of materials is critical. Therefore, hollow or lightweight materials are often preferred.

Partitions can also be divided into:

• Fixed partitions – permanently installed

• Movable partitions – reusable and easily relocated

Movable partitions are commonly used in office environments, modular exhibition halls, and multi-purpose public spaces, where reconfiguration with minimal material waste is desired.

Types of Server Racks

Racks are a common and essential component of all server rooms and data centers. They are used to house switches, patch panels, servers, and other networking equipment. Racks are designed to facilitate easy installation and removal of hardware components.

While many racks come with doors, in most projects executed by Shabakeh Rahkar Mofid, doorless racks are preferred to improve air circulation and thermal exchange, thereby enhancing cooling efficiency.

Key Considerations by Shabakeh Rahkar Mofid:

• Evaluating the building’s infrastructure to ensure it can support the intended server room design.

• Prioritizing location selection, since choosing the right space is crucial for creating a compliant and cost-effective server room.

• Server room space is typically limited and is often shared with UPS units, cooling systems, and other environmental control equipment, so efficient planning is essential.

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)

When power is lost in a server room, there are only two immediate options:

1. Shut down all systems safely

2. Switch to an alternate power source

In either case, a UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is required. A UPS provides a critical time buffer of a few minutes, allowing:

• Safe shutdown of equipment without data loss or hardware damage

• Time to switch to a backup power source, such as a generator

UPS units used by Shabakeh Rahkar Mofid are capable of automatically initiating a safe shutdown of servers in the event of prolonged outages where no backup generator is available.

If a generator is used, it must supply pure sine wave output with a stable frequency of 50 Hz ± 0.5. Additionally, double-conversion UPS systems—which condition both the input and output power—are recommended for maximum reliability.

Backup Power: Generators

In some cases, the network and IT infrastructure are so critical to a business that maintaining power during outages is non-negotiable. However, since UPS units can only supply power for a few minutes, having a reliable backup generator is essential.

Whether your office building already includes an emergency power source or has adequate space for a generator should be a key consideration during the server room design phase.

If no existing power backup system is available, you may need to install a dedicated generator. The feasibility of this option must be evaluated early in the planning process.

For leased or shared buildings, such as multi-tenant office complexes, installing a rooftop generator may require prior agreement with the property owner or co-owners. These discussions must take place and be resolved well in advance.

Cooling in the Server Room

Server room equipment generates a significant amount of heat during operation. Excessive heat can drastically reduce server lifespan and impair performance. Therefore, an efficient cooling system is essential for maintaining both the reliability and longevity of your IT infrastructure.

While some buildings provide dedicated cooling systems for each room, most facilities use centralized HVAC systems shared across multiple spaces. These shared systems are typically inactive during weekends, after business hours, or in cooler seasons, making them unsuitable for server rooms that require 24/7 climate control.

Most servers are designed with front-to-back airflow, where cool air enters from the front and hot air is expelled from the rear. This makes rack placement planning at the beginning of the project crucial for optimizing airflow direction, ensuring proper intake of cooled air and exhaust ventilation.

• For smaller server rooms, standalone units such as split air conditioners may suffice.

• For larger setups, more robust solutions like chillers or precision cooling systems are required.

In larger server rooms with multiple rack rows, the use of a cold aisle containment system may be necessary to improve cooling efficiency. Additionally, if new cooling units are to be installed, it’s critical to allocate space early on for:

• Exhaust air removal

• Maintenance access routes to the cooling equipment

Types of Cooling and Raised Flooring Systems

Based on Rahkar Mofid’s experience in large-scale projects, existing suspended ceilings are often unsuitable for server rooms as they restrict the space needed for cooling systems. However, in smaller server room projects, existing ceilings are usually retained.

Due to the significant demand for cabling and cooling infrastructure, implementing a raised floor system is often necessary in server rooms and data centers. Raised floors allow:

• Concealed routing of power and network cables

• Distribution of cold air beneath the racks

These floors typically consist of modular panels made from compressed insulating materials, supported by a pedestal grid. This design enables easy access to the subfloor by lifting the panels as needed.

Additional considerations include:

• Raised floor components may need to be electrically grounded (earthed)

• All flooring materials—raised or not—must be anti-static to prevent electrical discharge

• If the raised floor exceeds a certain height, a fire suppression system may be required beneath it

Although raised floors offer significant technical benefits, they also introduce new design challenges—for example:

• Ramps may be needed at server room entrances to facilitate equipment movement

• Extra planning is required for the routing of both cables and airflow

Fire Protection and Detection

No matter how small your server room is, if it contains critical information (which it usually does!), adhering to fire safety guidelines is absolutely essential. Traditional sprinkler-based fire suppression systems used in general building areas are not suitable for server rooms, as there is no compatibility between water and electronics.

Even if the risk of fire is minimal, accidental activation (e.g., mistaking cigarette smoke for fire) or minor leaks in the sprinkler system can lead to catastrophic consequences.
To protect server rooms against fire, high-sensitivity fire detection systems such as VESDA are used. These systems detect even the slightest presence of smoke and heat using ultra-sensitive sensors, instantly alerting fire control systems.

Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems

Gaseous systems are ideal for server rooms and data centers because they are non-conductive, dry, and harmless to data and hardware. These systems usually contain pressurized inert gases stored in red cylinders installed on-site. Their mechanism involves displacing oxygen, thereby cutting off one of the fire’s essential components.

Because gaseous systems can be hazardous to humans, a warning alarm is triggered a few minutes before activation to allow personnel to evacuate safely.

Aerosol Fire Suppression System

The aerosol fire suppression system is one of the most cost-effective and commonly used solutions for server rooms and data centers.
These systems consist of aerosol generators installed at calculated intervals based on the room’s volume. Activation can be automatic via smoke and heat detectors, or controlled by fire management panels.

Key features:

• Aerosol dosage is calculated based on room volume (approx. 1 kg per 10 m³)

• No annual refilling required

• Non-toxic to humans, safe for IT equipment

• Available in 1D and 3D discharge models

• Suitable for server rooms, battery rooms, and electrical panels

Environmental Monitoring System (EMS)

A standard-compliant server room or data center typically includes an Environmental Monitoring System (EMS) to manage:

• Temperature and humidity

• Electrical power stability

• Water leakage detection

• UPS and battery status

• Cooling system performance

EMS functionality is often integrated into UPS management software and accessible via web browser, allowing administrators to monitor environmental conditions remotely.

Cooling and Air Conditioning

For small server rooms (up to 4 racks), wall-mounted air conditioning units can provide sufficient cooling.
For larger server rooms, especially those with more than 4 racks, floor-mounted precision cooling systems are recommended. These systems distribute cool air from the raised floor to various parts of the room, ensuring optimal temperature control.

Benefits of Precision Cooling Systems:

• Prevents overheating of CPUs and excessive load on server fans

• Reduces early hardware failure

• Maintains accurate control of temperature and humidity

• Supports high-density server deployments

• Though costlier than standard ACs, they offer long-term protection for sensitive equipment

Recommended Environmental Conditions (per international standards):

• Temperature: 18°C – 27°C

• Relative Humidity: 40% – 60%

Proper airflow design (including convection management) and accurately calculated system capacity are critical. Even the most advanced cooling equipment will not perform optimally without a well-engineered HVAC layout.